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<title>Engine control unit</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Engine control unit</span></span>

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<p>An <b>engine control unit</b> (<b>ECU</b>), also called an <b>engine control module</b> (<b>ECM</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a device that controls various subsystems of an <a href="Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>. Systems commonly controlled by an ECU include the <a href="Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">fuel injection</a> and <a href="Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">ignition</a> systems.

</p><p>The earliest ECUs (used by aircraft engines in the late 1930s) were mechanical-hydraulic units; however, most 21st-century ECUs operate using <a href="Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">digital electronics</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2></div>

<p>The main functions of the ECU are typically:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a> system</li>

<li><a href="Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">Ignition system</a></li>

<li><a href="Idle_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Idle speed">Idle speed</a> control (typically either via an <a href="Idle_air_control_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Idle air control valve">idle air control valve</a> or the <a href="Electronic_throttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic throttle">electronic throttle</a> system)</li>

<li><a href="Variable_valve_timing" title="Variable valve timing">Variable valve timing</a> and/or <a href="Variable_valve_lift" title="Variable valve lift">variable valve lift</a> systems</li></ul>

<p>The sensors used by the ECU include:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Electronic_throttle_control" title="Electronic throttle control">accelerator pedal position sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Camshaft" title="Camshaft">camshaft</a> position sensor</li>

<li><a href="Engine_coolant_temperature_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine coolant temperature sensor">coolant temperature sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Crankshaft_position_sensor" title="Crankshaft position sensor">crankshaft position sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">knock</a> sensors</li>

<li><a href="Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">inlet manifold</a> pressure sensor (<a href="MAP_sensor" title="MAP sensor">MAP sensor</a>)</li>

<li>intake air temperature</li>

<li>intake air <a href="Mass_flow_rate" title="Mass flow rate">mass flow rate</a> sensor (<a href="Mass_flow_sensor" title="Mass flow sensor">MAF sensor</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Oxygen_sensor" title="Oxygen sensor">oxygen (lambda) sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Throttle_position_sensor" title="Throttle position sensor">throttle position sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheel_speed_sensor" title="Wheel speed sensor">wheel speed sensor</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3></div>

<p>Other functions include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Launch_control_(automotive)" title="Launch control (automotive)">Launch control</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuel_pressure_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel pressure regulator">Fuel pressure regulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Rev_limiter" title="Rev limiter">Rev limiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Wastegate" title="Wastegate">Wastegate</a> control and <a href="Anti-lag" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-lag">anti-lag</a></li>

<li>Theft prevention by blocking ignition, in response to input from an <a href="Immobiliser" title="Immobiliser">immobiliser</a></li></ul>

<p>In a <a href="Camless_piston_engine" title="Camless piston engine">camless piston engine</a> (an experimental design not currently used in any production vehicles), the ECU has continuous control of when each of the <a href="Poppet_valve#Usage_in_internal_combustion_engines" title="Poppet valve">intake and exhaust valves</a> are opened and by how much.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_systems">Early systems</h2></div>

<p>One of the earliest attempts to use such a unitised and automated device to manage multiple engine control functions simultaneously was created by <a href="BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> in 1939 <i>Kommandogerät</i> system used by the <a href="BMW_801" title="BMW 801">BMW 801</a> 14-cylinder <a href="Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engine</a> which powered the <a href="Focke-Wulf_Fw_190#Fw_190_V5" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Focke-Wulf Fw 190 V5</a> fighter aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This device replaced the six controls used to initiate hard acceleration with one control, however the system could cause surging and stalling problems.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_motor_vehicles">Use in motor vehicles</h2></div>

<p>In the early 1970s, the <a href="Electronics_industry_in_Japan" title="Electronics industry in Japan">Japanese electronics industry</a> began producing <a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> and <a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a> used for controlling engines.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Ford_EEC" title="Ford EEC">Ford EEC</a> (Electronic Engine Control) system, which used the <a href="Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> TLCS-12 microprocessor, entered mass production in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-shmj-1973-toshiba_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shmj-1973-toshiba-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first Bosch engine management system was the <a href="Motronic#1.0" title="Motronic">Motronic 1.0</a>, which was introduced in the 1979 <a href="BMW_7_Series_(E23)" title="BMW 7 Series (E23)">BMW 7 Series (E23)</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system was based on the existing <i><a href="Jetronic" title="Jetronic">Bosch Jetronic</a></i> fuel injection system, to which control of the ignition system was added.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1981, a <a href="Delco_Electronics" title="Delco Electronics">Delco Electronics</a> ECU was used by several <a href="Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a> and <a href="Buick" title="Buick">Buick</a> engines to control their fuel system (a closed-loop carburetor) and ignition system.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1988, Delco Electronics was the leading producer of engine management systems, producing over 28,000 ECUs per day.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_aircraft_engines">Use in aircraft engines</h2></div>

<p>Such systems are used for many internal combustion engines in other applications. In aeronautical applications, the systems are known as "<a href="FADEC" title="FADEC">FADECs</a>" (Full Authority Digital Engine Controls). This kind of electronic control is less common in piston-engined light fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters than in automobiles. This is due to the common configuration of a <a href="Carburetor" title="Carburetor">carbureted</a> engine with a <a href="Magneto_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Magneto ignition">magneto ignition</a> system that does not require electrical power generated by an <a href="Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a> to run, which is considered a safety advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Air-fuel_ratio_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-fuel ratio meter">Air-fuel ratio meter</a></li>

<li><a href="Check_engine_light" title="Check engine light">Check engine light</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_auto_parts" title="List of auto parts">List of auto parts</a></li>

<li><a href="On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">On-board diagnostics</a> (OBD)</li>

<li><a href="Powertrain_control_module" title="Powertrain control module">Powertrain control module</a> (PCM)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.2carpros.com/articles/how-a-car-computer-works-pcm-ecm-bcm">"How an Automotive Computer Works"</a>. <i>www.2carpros.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autoshop101.com/forms/Hybrid12.pdf">"Toyota Prius - Engine Control Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.autoshop101.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGunston1989" class="citation book cs1">Gunston, Bill (1989). <i>World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines</i>. Cambridge, England: Patrick Stephens Limited. p. 26. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-85260-163-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-shmj-1973-toshiba-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shmj-1973-toshiba_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/pdf/ic/exhibi739E.pdf">"1973: 12-bit engine-control microprocessor (Toshiba)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Semiconductor History Museum of Japan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delco Electronics Electron Magazine, The Atwood Legacy, Spring '89, page 25</span>

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</style><div id="Internal_combustion_engine562" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Engine_block" title="Engine block">Engine block</a> and<br> rotating assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balance_shaft" title="Balance shaft">Balance shaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Block_heater" title="Block heater">Block heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li>

<li><a href="Crankcase" title="Crankcase">Crankcase</a></li>

<li><a href="Crankcase_ventilation_system" title="Crankcase ventilation system">Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)</a></li>

<li><a href="Crankpin" title="Crankpin">Crankpin</a></li>

<li><a href="Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Core_plug" title="Core plug">Core plug (freeze plug)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a> (<a href="Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">bank</a>, <a href="Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">layout</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a></li>

<li><a href="Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Firing_order" title="Firing order">Firing order</a></li>

<li><a href="Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li>

<li><a href="Main_bearing" title="Main bearing">Main bearing</a></li>

<li><a href="Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li>

<li><a href="Piston_ring" title="Piston ring">Piston ring</a></li>

<li><a href="Starter_ring_gear" title="Starter ring gear">Starter ring gear</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">Valvetrain</a> and<br> <a href="Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">Cylinder head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead layout</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft layout</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve (pushrod) layout</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Tappet" title="Tappet">Tappet / lifter</a></li>

<li><a href="Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Chest_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Chest (mechanical engineering)">Chest</a></li>

<li><a href="Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">Combustion chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">Compression ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">Head gasket</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">Rocker arm</a></li>

<li><a href="Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">Timing belt</a></li>

<li><a href="Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Valve</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">Forced induction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blowoff_valve" title="Blowoff valve">Blowoff valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Boost_controller" title="Boost controller">Boost controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a></li>

<li><a href="Supercharger" title="Supercharger">Supercharger</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuel system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Carburetor" title="Carburetor">Carburetor</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">Fuel filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">Ignition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Magneto</a></li>

<li><a href="Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">Compression ignition</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignition_coil" title="Ignition coil">Ignition coil</a></li>

<li><a href="Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">Spark plug</a></li>

<li><a href="Spark_plug_wires" title="Spark plug wires">Spark plug wires</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Engine management</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Electrical system</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Battery</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamo</a></li>

<li><a href="Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter motor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intake system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airbox" title="Airbox">Airbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_filter#Internal_combustion_engine_air_filters" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Idle_air_control_actuator" title="Idle air control actuator">Idle air control actuator</a></li>

<li><a href="Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">Inlet manifold</a></li>

<li><a href="MAP_sensor" title="MAP sensor">MAP sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_flow_sensor" title="Mass flow sensor">MAF sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Throttle_position_sensor" title="Throttle position sensor">Throttle position sensor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">Exhaust system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converter</a></li>

<li><a href="Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">Diesel particulate filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhaust_gas_temperature_gauge" title="Exhaust gas temperature gauge">EGT sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Exhaust_manifold" title="Exhaust manifold">Exhaust manifold</a></li>

<li><a href="Muffler" title="Muffler">Muffler</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen_sensor#Automotive_applications" title="Oxygen sensor">Oxygen sensor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Cooling system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Electric fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Radiator</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Fan_clutch" title="Fan clutch">Viscous fan (fan clutch)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lubrication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">Oil filter</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">Knocking / pinging</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_band" title="Power band">Power band</a></li>

<li><a href="Redline" title="Redline">Redline</a></li>

<li><a href="Stratified_charge_engine" title="Stratified charge engine">Stratified charge</a></li>

<li><a href="Dead_centre_(engineering)" title="Dead centre (engineering)">Top dead centre</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Portal%3ACars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li>

<li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Engine_control_unit&oldid=1301041558">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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